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Xs were put to use

Толкование Перевод

1 Х-53

ИДТЙ/ПОЙТИ В ХОД (В ДЕЛО coll) VP subj: concr, abstr, or animal (if count noun, usu. pi)) to be or start to be used: Х-ы пошли в ход - Xs were put to use Xs were used (utilized) (we (they etc)) used (utilized) Xs (I (he etc)) made use of Xs.
«Чем только они кормятся?» - проговорил мой старик. «А у них всё в ход идёт, - сказал Колчерукий, - жучки, паучки, червячки» (Искандер 3). "But what do they live on?" my old man said. "They use everything," Bad Hand said. "Beetles, spiders, worms" (3a).

Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Х-53
2 идти в дело

• ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ В ХОД <B ДЕЛО coll>

[VP; subj: concr, abstr, or animal (if count noun, usu. pl)]

=====

⇒ to be or start to be used:

- X-ы пошли в ход≈ Xs were put to use;

- Xs were used (utilized);

- (we <they etc>) used (utilized) Xs;

- (I <he etc>) made use of Xs.

♦ "Чем только они кормятся?" - проговорил мой старик. "А у них всё в ход идёт, - сказал Колчерукий, - жучки, паучки, червячки" (Искандер 3). "But what do they live on?" my old man said. "They use everything," Bad Hand said. "Beetles, spiders, worms" (3a).

Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > идти в дело
3 идти в ход

• ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ В ХОД <B ДЕЛО coll>

[VP; subj: concr, abstr, or animal (if count noun, usu. pl)]

=====

⇒ to be or start to be used:

- X-ы пошли в ход≈ Xs were put to use;

- Xs were used (utilized);

- (we <they etc>) used (utilized) Xs;

- (I <he etc>) made use of Xs.

♦ "Чем только они кормятся?" - проговорил мой старик. "А у них всё в ход идёт, - сказал Колчерукий, - жучки, паучки, червячки" (Искандер 3). "But what do they live on?" my old man said. "They use everything," Bad Hand said. "Beetles, spiders, worms" (3a).

Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > идти в ход
4 пойти в дело

• ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ В ХОД <B ДЕЛО coll>

[VP; subj: concr, abstr, or animal (if count noun, usu. pl)]

=====

⇒ to be or start to be used:

- X-ы пошли в ход≈ Xs were put to use;

- Xs were used (utilized);

- (we <they etc>) used (utilized) Xs;

- (I <he etc>) made use of Xs.

♦ "Чем только они кормятся?" - проговорил мой старик. "А у них всё в ход идёт, - сказал Колчерукий, - жучки, паучки, червячки" (Искандер 3). "But what do they live on?" my old man said. "They use everything," Bad Hand said. "Beetles, spiders, worms" (3a).

Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > пойти в дело
5 пойти в ход

• ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ В ХОД <B ДЕЛО coll>

[VP; subj: concr, abstr, or animal (if count noun, usu. pl)]

=====

⇒ to be or start to be used:

- X-ы пошли в ход≈ Xs were put to use;

- Xs were used (utilized);

- (we <they etc>) used (utilized) Xs;

- (I <he etc>) made use of Xs.

♦ "Чем только они кормятся?" - проговорил мой старик. "А у них всё в ход идёт, - сказал Колчерукий, - жучки, паучки, червячки" (Искандер 3). "But what do they live on?" my old man said. "They use everything," Bad Hand said. "Beetles, spiders, worms" (3a).

Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > пойти в ход
6 uso

m.

1 use.

hacer uso de to make use of, to use; (utilizar) to exercise (de prerrogativa, derecho)

de uso externo for external use only (medicamento)

fuera de uso out of use, obsolete

tener el uso de la palabra to have the floor

uso de razón power of reason

2 custom (costumbre).

al uso fashionable

al uso andaluz in the Andalusian style

3 usage (linguistics).

4 wear and tear (desgaste).

pres.indicat.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: usar.

* * *

USO

► abreviatura

1 ( Unión Sindical Obrera) professional worker's union

* * *

noun m.

1) use

2) wear

3) custom, usage

* * *

SF ABR Esp
= Unión Sindical Obrera
* * *

masculino

1) ( utilización)

a) (de producto, medicamento) use; (de máquina, material) use

desgastarse con el uso — to wear out with use

instrucciones para su uso — instructions for use

de uso personal — for personal use

métodos de uso extendido en... — methods widely used in...

los trenes todavía no han entrado en uso — the trains are not in service yet

hacer uso de algo — to use something

su uso prolongado puede producir dependencia — it can be habit-forming if taken over a long period

de uso externo — (Farm) for external use only

b) (de idioma, expresión) use

una expresión sancionada por el uso — (frml) an expression that has gained acceptance through usage

c) (de facultad, derecho)

en pleno uso de sus facultades mentales — in full possession of his mental faculties

hacer uso de un derecho — to exercise a right

hacer uso de la palabra — (frml) to speak

hacer uso y abuso de algo — ( de privilegio) to abuse something

se ha hecho uso y abuso de esta metáfora — this metaphor has been used time and again

2) ( de prenda)

estos zapatos tienen años de uso — I've had years of wear out of these shoes

ropa de uso diario — everyday clothes

los zapatos ceden con el uso — shoes give with wear

- uso de razón

3) (utilidad, aplicación) use

una batidora con múltiples usos — a multi-purpose mixer

4) ( usanza) custom

usos aztecas que aún sobreviven — Aztec customs which still survive

* * *

= deployment, disposition, exercise, take-up, usage, use, utilisation [utilization, -USA], utility, consumption, employment, uptake, wear, delivery.

Ex. In the context of this report any such policy would have to accept that speedy response to current problems requires the deployment of resources in favour of innovative information-driven programmes.

Ex. The process provides an effective means of controlling such serials until a final decision has been made regarding their disposition.

Ex. A poorly structured scheme requires the exercise of a good deal of initiative on the part of the indexer in order to overcome or avoid the poor structure.

Ex. One of the reasons for the relatively slow take-up of microcomputers in libraries in the Philippines is the problem caused by the multitude of languages used in the island group.

Ex. Changes in usage of terms over time can also present problems = Los cambios en el uso de los términos con el transcurso del tiempo también pueden presentar problemas.

Ex. Systematic mnemonics is the use of the same notation for a given topic wherever that topic occurs.

Ex. On occasions it is necessary to adopt an order or arrangement which leads to the efficient utilisation of space.

Ex. Situations where subdivisions might have had some utility are served by the co-ordination of index terms at the search stage.

Ex. The screen display formats required by cataloguing staff may be not at all suitable for public consumption.

Ex. Through the employment of such implicitly derogatory terminology librarians virtually give themselves licence to disregard or downgrade the value of certain materials.

Ex. The project is investigating the factors which promote or inhibit the uptake of computers in primary schools.

Ex. When in use moulds were subject to severe wear which resulted in noticeable deterioration of the surface.

Ex. Entry of number '21' reverses the present delivery status.

----

* alfabetización en el uso de la biblioteca = library literacy.

* aparato para el uso de la información = information appliance.

* aumento del uso = increased use.

* bloque funcional para uso internacional = international use block.

* bloque funcional para uso nacional = national use block.

* con conocimiento básico en el uso de la biblioteca = library literate [library-literate].

* con conocimiento en el uso de Internet = Internet-savvy.

* condiciones de uso = terms of use.

* condiciones legales de uso = legal boilerplate.

* con el uso = in use, with use.

* conocimientos básicos sobre el uso de las bibliotecas = library skills.

* cubrir un uso = address + use.

* cuchillo de un solo uso = disposable knife.

* dar buen uso a Algo = put to + good use.

* dar un uso = put to + purpose.

* dar uso = put to + use.

* dar uso a = make + use of.

* de doble uso = dual-use.

* de muchos usos = all-purpose.

* de pago según el uso = on a pay a you use basis, on a pay as you go basis.

* de poco uso = low-use.

* desde el punto de vista del uso = in terms of use.

* desgaste por el uso = wear and tear.

* destrezas relacionadas con el uso de la información = information skills.

* de un solo uso = disposable, single-use.

* de uso comercial = commercially-owned.

* de uso cutáneo = use + topically.

* de uso externo = for external use only.

* de uso flexible = hop-on/hop-off.

* de uso frecuente = frequently-used.

* de uso general = general-use.

* de uso interno = in-house [inhouse].

* de uso múltiple = all-purpose.

* de uso público = publicly available.

* de uso tópico = use + topically.

* encuesta sobre el uso del tiempo = time-use survey.

* en pleno uso de + Posesivo + facultades físicas y mentales = of (a) sound mind, of (a) sound and disposing mind and memory, mentally fit, physically and mentally fit.

* en pleno uso de + Posesivo + razón = mentally fit.

* en uso = in use.

* estadísticas de uso = usage statistics, use statistics.

* estudio de uso = use study.

* facilidad de uso = usability, user-friendliness, ease of use.

* formación en el uso de la biblioteca = library literacy.

* frecuencia de uso = usage rate.

* gastado por el uso = worn-out.

* hábito de uso = usage pattern, use pattern.

* hábito de uso, patrón de uso = usage pattern.

* hacer buen uso de Algo = put to + good use.

* hacer el mejor uso de = make + the best of.

* hacer uso = put to + use.

* hacer uso de = make + use of, draw on/upon, leverage, patronise [patronize, -USA], tap into, deploy.

* hacer uso de influencias = pull + strings.

* hacer uso de recursos = tap into + resources.

* hacer uso de un conocimiento = draw on/upon + knowledge.

* hacer uso personal = make + personal use.

* haciendo uso de = by recourse to.

* herramienta de uso de Internet = Internet appliance.

* herramienta para el uso de la información = information appliance.

* impuesto sobre artículos de uso y consumo = excise tax.

* incremento del uso = increased use.

* índice de uso = performance measure, output measure.

* instrucciones de uso = use instruction.

* licencia de uso = licence agreement.

* mal uso = misuse, mishandling.

* mediante el uso de los recursos = resource-based.

* método de evaluación de un edificio en uso = post-occupancy evaluation method.

* multiuso = multi-functional, multi-use [multiuse].

* normas de uso = user policy.

* ordenadores de uso público = PAWS (Public access workstations).

* pago según el uso = pay-per-view, pay-for-use.

* páguese por el uso hecho = pay-as-you-go.

* para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.

* para posteriores usos = for subsequent use.

* para su posterior uso = for subsequent use.

* para su uso posterior = for subsequent use.

* para todo uso = all-purpose.

* para uso comercial = commercially-owned.

* para uso del profesional = professional-use.

* para uso industrial = heavy-duty.

* para uso personal = for personal use.

* para usos posteriores = for subsequent use.

* plato de un solo uso = disposable plate.

* poner en uso = bring into + use, take in + use.

* proteger Algo para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.

* recurrir al uso de = resort to + the use of.

* rentabilizar el uso = maximise + use.

* ser de mucho uso = take + Nombre + a long way.

* ser de un solo uso = be a one-trip pony.

* ser de uso general = be in general use, be generally available.

* servilleta de un solo uso = disposable napkin.

* sistema de facturación por uso = cost billing system.

* sistema en uso = operational system.

* sustancia de uso reglamentado = controlled substance.

* sustancia de uso regulado = controlled substance.

* tenedor de un solo uso = disposable fork.

* uso a distancia = remote use.

* uso compartido = sharing.

* uso compartido de la información = information sharing.

* uso compartido de mesas de trabajo = hot desking.

* uso compartido de recursos = resource sharing, time-sharing [timesharing].

* uso de instrumentos = instrumentation.

* uso de la biblioteca = library use, library usage.

* uso de la colección = stock use.

* uso de la letra cursiva = italicisation [italicization, -USA].

* uso de las mayúsculas = capitalisation [capitalization, -USA].

* uso de la tierra = land use.

* uso de sustancias = substance use.

* uso de un modo descuidado = bandying about.

* uso diario = everyday use.

* uso doméstico = domestic use.

* uso excesivo = prodigality, overuse.

* uso excesivo de = greed for.

* uso inadecuado = misuse, mistreatment.

* uso indebido = misuse.

* uso normal = normal usage.

* uso óptimo de los recursos = value for money.

* uso personal = personal use.

* uso público en la propia biblioteca = in-library use.

* uso razonable = fair dealing, fair use.

* uso remoto = remote use.

* usos y costumbres = customs and habits.

* usos y gratificaciones = uses and gratifications.

* uso tópico = for external use only.

* usuario que hace mucho uso del préstamo = heavy borrower.

* usuario que hace poco uso del préstamo = light borrower.

* usuario que hace uso del préstamo = borrower.

* * *

masculino

1) ( utilización)

a) (de producto, medicamento) use; (de máquina, material) use

desgastarse con el uso — to wear out with use

instrucciones para su uso — instructions for use

de uso personal — for personal use

métodos de uso extendido en... — methods widely used in...

los trenes todavía no han entrado en uso — the trains are not in service yet

hacer uso de algo — to use something

su uso prolongado puede producir dependencia — it can be habit-forming if taken over a long period

de uso externo — (Farm) for external use only

b) (de idioma, expresión) use

una expresión sancionada por el uso — (frml) an expression that has gained acceptance through usage

c) (de facultad, derecho)

en pleno uso de sus facultades mentales — in full possession of his mental faculties

hacer uso de un derecho — to exercise a right

hacer uso de la palabra — (frml) to speak

hacer uso y abuso de algo — ( de privilegio) to abuse something

se ha hecho uso y abuso de esta metáfora — this metaphor has been used time and again

2) ( de prenda)

estos zapatos tienen años de uso — I've had years of wear out of these shoes

ropa de uso diario — everyday clothes

los zapatos ceden con el uso — shoes give with wear

- uso de razón

3) (utilidad, aplicación) use

una batidora con múltiples usos — a multi-purpose mixer

4) ( usanza) custom

usos aztecas que aún sobreviven — Aztec customs which still survive

* * *

= deployment, disposition, exercise, take-up, usage, use, utilisation [utilization, -USA], utility, consumption, employment, uptake, wear, delivery.

Ex: In the context of this report any such policy would have to accept that speedy response to current problems requires the deployment of resources in favour of innovative information-driven programmes.

Ex: The process provides an effective means of controlling such serials until a final decision has been made regarding their disposition.

Ex: A poorly structured scheme requires the exercise of a good deal of initiative on the part of the indexer in order to overcome or avoid the poor structure.

Ex: One of the reasons for the relatively slow take-up of microcomputers in libraries in the Philippines is the problem caused by the multitude of languages used in the island group.

Ex: Changes in usage of terms over time can also present problems = Los cambios en el uso de los términos con el transcurso del tiempo también pueden presentar problemas.

Ex: Systematic mnemonics is the use of the same notation for a given topic wherever that topic occurs.

Ex: On occasions it is necessary to adopt an order or arrangement which leads to the efficient utilisation of space.

Ex: Situations where subdivisions might have had some utility are served by the co-ordination of index terms at the search stage.

Ex: The screen display formats required by cataloguing staff may be not at all suitable for public consumption.

Ex: Through the employment of such implicitly derogatory terminology librarians virtually give themselves licence to disregard or downgrade the value of certain materials.

Ex: The project is investigating the factors which promote or inhibit the uptake of computers in primary schools.

Ex: When in use moulds were subject to severe wear which resulted in noticeable deterioration of the surface.

Ex: Entry of number '21' reverses the present delivery status.

* alfabetización en el uso de la biblioteca = library literacy.

* aparato para el uso de la información = information appliance.

* aumento del uso = increased use.

* bloque funcional para uso internacional = international use block.

* bloque funcional para uso nacional = national use block.

* con conocimiento básico en el uso de la biblioteca = library literate [library-literate].

* con conocimiento en el uso de Internet = Internet-savvy.

* condiciones de uso = terms of use.

* condiciones legales de uso = legal boilerplate.

* con el uso = in use, with use.

* conocimientos básicos sobre el uso de las bibliotecas = library skills.

* cubrir un uso = address + use.

* cuchillo de un solo uso = disposable knife.

* dar buen uso a Algo = put to + good use.

* dar un uso = put to + purpose.

* dar uso = put to + use.

* dar uso a = make + use of.

* de doble uso = dual-use.

* de muchos usos = all-purpose.

* de pago según el uso = on a pay a you use basis, on a pay as you go basis.

* de poco uso = low-use.

* desde el punto de vista del uso = in terms of use.

* desgaste por el uso = wear and tear.

* destrezas relacionadas con el uso de la información = information skills.

* de un solo uso = disposable, single-use.

* de uso comercial = commercially-owned.

* de uso cutáneo = use + topically.

* de uso externo = for external use only.

* de uso flexible = hop-on/hop-off.

* de uso frecuente = frequently-used.

* de uso general = general-use.

* de uso interno = in-house [inhouse].

* de uso múltiple = all-purpose.

* de uso público = publicly available.

* de uso tópico = use + topically.

* encuesta sobre el uso del tiempo = time-use survey.

* en pleno uso de + Posesivo + facultades físicas y mentales = of (a) sound mind, of (a) sound and disposing mind and memory, mentally fit, physically and mentally fit.

* en pleno uso de + Posesivo + razón = mentally fit.

* en uso = in use.

* estadísticas de uso = usage statistics, use statistics.

* estudio de uso = use study.

* facilidad de uso = usability, user-friendliness, ease of use.

* formación en el uso de la biblioteca = library literacy.

* frecuencia de uso = usage rate.

* gastado por el uso = worn-out.

* hábito de uso = usage pattern, use pattern.

* hábito de uso, patrón de uso = usage pattern.

* hacer buen uso de Algo = put to + good use.

* hacer el mejor uso de = make + the best of.

* hacer uso = put to + use.

* hacer uso de = make + use of, draw on/upon, leverage, patronise [patronize, -USA], tap into, deploy.

* hacer uso de influencias = pull + strings.

* hacer uso de recursos = tap into + resources.

* hacer uso de un conocimiento = draw on/upon + knowledge.

* hacer uso personal = make + personal use.

* haciendo uso de = by recourse to.

* herramienta de uso de Internet = Internet appliance.

* herramienta para el uso de la información = information appliance.

* impuesto sobre artículos de uso y consumo = excise tax.

* incremento del uso = increased use.

* índice de uso = performance measure, output measure.

* instrucciones de uso = use instruction.

* licencia de uso = licence agreement.

* mal uso = misuse, mishandling.

* mediante el uso de los recursos = resource-based.

* método de evaluación de un edificio en uso = post-occupancy evaluation method.

* multiuso = multi-functional, multi-use [multiuse].

* normas de uso = user policy.

* ordenadores de uso público = PAWS (Public access workstations).

* pago según el uso = pay-per-view, pay-for-use.

* páguese por el uso hecho = pay-as-you-go.

* para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.

* para posteriores usos = for subsequent use.

* para su posterior uso = for subsequent use.

* para su uso posterior = for subsequent use.

* para todo uso = all-purpose.

* para uso comercial = commercially-owned.

* para uso del profesional = professional-use.

* para uso industrial = heavy-duty.

* para uso personal = for personal use.

* para usos posteriores = for subsequent use.

* plato de un solo uso = disposable plate.

* poner en uso = bring into + use, take in + use.

* proteger Algo para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.

* recurrir al uso de = resort to + the use of.

* rentabilizar el uso = maximise + use.

* ser de mucho uso = take + Nombre + a long way.

* ser de un solo uso = be a one-trip pony.

* ser de uso general = be in general use, be generally available.

* servilleta de un solo uso = disposable napkin.

* sistema de facturación por uso = cost billing system.

* sistema en uso = operational system.

* sustancia de uso reglamentado = controlled substance.

* sustancia de uso regulado = controlled substance.

* tenedor de un solo uso = disposable fork.

* uso a distancia = remote use.

* uso compartido = sharing.

* uso compartido de la información = information sharing.

* uso compartido de mesas de trabajo = hot desking.

* uso compartido de recursos = resource sharing, time-sharing [timesharing].

* uso de instrumentos = instrumentation.

* uso de la biblioteca = library use, library usage.

* uso de la colección = stock use.

* uso de la letra cursiva = italicisation [italicization, -USA].

* uso de las mayúsculas = capitalisation [capitalization, -USA].

* uso de la tierra = land use.

* uso de sustancias = substance use.

* uso de un modo descuidado = bandying about.

* uso diario = everyday use.

* uso doméstico = domestic use.

* uso excesivo = prodigality, overuse.

* uso excesivo de = greed for.

* uso inadecuado = misuse, mistreatment.

* uso indebido = misuse.

* uso normal = normal usage.

* uso óptimo de los recursos = value for money.

* uso personal = personal use.

* uso público en la propia biblioteca = in-library use.

* uso razonable = fair dealing, fair use.

* uso remoto = remote use.

* usos y costumbres = customs and habits.

* usos y gratificaciones = uses and gratifications.

* uso tópico = for external use only.

* usuario que hace mucho uso del préstamo = heavy borrower.

* usuario que hace poco uso del préstamo = light borrower.

* usuario que hace uso del préstamo = borrower.

* * *

USO

/ˈuso/

feminine

(en Esp) = Unión Sindical Obrera

* * *

Del verbo usar: ( conjugate usar)

uso es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

usó es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

Multiple Entries:
usar
uso
usar ( conjugate usar) verbo transitivo
a) ( utilizar) to use;

◊ ¿qué champú usas? what shampoo do you use?;

uso algo/a algn de or como algo to use sth/sb as sth
b) ( llevar) ‹alhajas/ropa/perfume› to wear;

◊ estos zapatos están sin uso these shoes are unworn, these shoes have never been worn

usarse verbo pronominal (en 3a pers) (esp AmL) ( estar de moda) [color/ropa] to be in fashion, to be popular;
◊ ya no se usa hacer fiestas de compromiso people don't tend to have engagement parties any more

uso sustantivo masculino
a) (de producto, medicamento, máquina) use;

◊ instrucciones para su uso instructions for use;

hacer uso de algo to use sth
b) (de facultad, derecho):

◊ en pleno uso de sus facultades mentales in full possession of his mental faculties;

hacer uso de un derecho to exercise a right;
desde que tengo uso de razón ever since I can remember;
hacer uso de la palabra (frml) to speak
c) ( de prenda):

◊ ropa de uso diario everyday clothes;

los zapatos ceden con el uso shoes give with wear
usar
I verbo transitivo
1 (hacer uso, emplear) to use: no uses mi maquinilla, don't use my razor
siempre usa el mismo método, she uses always the same method
2 (llevar ropa, perfume, etc) to wear
II vi (utilizar) to use
uso sustantivo masculino
1 use
(aplicación) se compró el ordenador, pero no le da ningún uso, he bought the computer, but he never makes use of it
(modo de aplicación) instrucciones de uso, instructions for use
uso externo/tópico, external/local application
2 (costumbre) custom
' uso' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
billón
- cada
- casarse
- como
- crema
- cuchara
- destartalar
- destino
- deterioro
- doméstica
- doméstico
- escayola
- espantosa
- espantoso
- estar
- extendida
- extendido
- externa
- externo
- gasto
- lindeza
- misma
- mismo
- mortal
- muerta
- muerto
- parecer
- permitirse
- poder
- prerrogativa
- pues
- pura
- puro
- que
- rozar
- rozarse
- sala
- si
- tal
- tópica
- tópico
- universal
- usar
- utensilio
- vaya
- ver
- verdadera
- verdadero
- vulgarización
- vulgarizar
English:
abuse
- afford
- agree
- antiallergenic
- balloon
- bed
- blind
- cease
- continue
- current
- disposable
- do
- dog-eared
- enjoy
- ever
- exclusively
- feel
- floor
- fluoride
- for
- fuck
- good
- have
- hear of
- herself
- himself
- indeed
- intend
- internal
- it
- itself
- just
- lend
- lie
- listen
- literally
- misuse
- myself
- never
- next
- nice
- not
- oneself
- only
- ourselves
- practice
- practise
- public
- quite
- ridesharing

* * *

USO ['uso] nf (abrev de Unión Sindical Obrera)

= centre-right Spanish union

* * *

USO

f abr (= Unión Sindical Obrera) Spanish trade union

* * *

uso nm

1) empleo, utilización: use

de uso personal: for personal use

hacer uso de: to make use of

2) : wear

uso y desgaste: wear and tear

3) usanza: custom, usage, habit

al uso de: in the manner of, in the style of

* * *

uso n

1. (en general) use

el plástico tiene muchos usos plastic has a lot of uses

el uso de la calculadora está prohibido en el examen the use of calculators is not permitted in the exam

el técnico me enseñó el uso del ordenador nuevo the technician showed me how to use the new computer

2. (ropa, etc) wearing

es obligatorio el uso del cinturón de seguridad seat belts must be worn

Spanish-English dictionary > uso
7 использовать

. воспользоваться; максимально использовать; можно использовать; наиболее эффективно использовать; пользоваться; применять; широко использовать

•
We will show how these numbers can be put to use.

•
Advantage is taken of this fact in some turbojet engines.

•
Unique processes and equipment have been successfully applied in the mining and refining of potash salts.

•
The great majority of amplifiers are electronic and depend (or rely) upon transistors and chips for their operation.

•
These projects can draw on the data from five tests.

•
The new relay employs three sets of contacts.

•
We shall follow this method.

•
To harness atomic energy for peaceful uses,...

•
This reaction may be harnessed to perform work.

•
The power unit makes use of a standard electric starter.

•
These vehicles rely on ambient air as a source of oxygen.

•
This nonreciprocity has as yet not been turned to useful account in antennas.

•
At present, these laboratories are being utilized to test timbers.

•
Such high precision makes it possible to employ (or use, or utilize) laser radiation as a primary standard of length and time.

•
With electricity farmers could run useful devices of all kinds.

•
This offers the possibility of putting hydrides to work in heat pumps.

•
These techniques take advantage of the laser's high spectral intensity.

•
Lasers are exploited to heat plasmas with short pulses of light.

•
Double-break or multibreak devices can exploit this effect even at higher voltages.

•
We make use of the generalized invariants.

•
The author's suggestions were picked up by the Japanese who ran some preliminary tests on eleven pure elements.

•
The steam from a dry field can be put to use() other than power production.

•
We can draw on the equation of general relativity to calculate...

•
The newest accelerators exploit the same fundamental principles as the first ones.

•
Simplifying assumptions have been invoked to separate the two processes for individual study.

•
If this natural gas can be tapped, there would be a tremendous source of fuel.

•
This prevents defective parts from being put into service.

II

•
When all the even (or odd) integers are used up, there will still be half the series...

* * *
Использовать -- to use, to utilize, to apply, to employ, to exploit; to make use of; to draw on (с оттенком заимствования); to rely on (полагаться на)
Under these circumstances, we can employ the data from this experiment to establish limits for heat fluxes.

These diffusers exploit the centrifugal forces acting on a swirling throughflow to enhance mixing and combustion.

Each engine will be provided with a control unit which makes use of modern electronic techniques (... в котором используется...).

Two independent methods were applied to eliminate any possible error in fringe order determination.

The work of L. [...] was drawn on for the design of turbine blades.

However, the theoretical magnitude is far from correct and we must rely on experimental values for the coefficient C.

— безразлично, что использовать

— вместо... можно использовать

— выгодно использовать

— возможность выгодно использовать

— голословно использовать в качестве доказательства

— давать право использовать

— достаточно использовать

— если мы хотим использовать его с уверенностью

— желательно использовать

— заманчиво использовать

— запрещается использовать

— использовать... для многих целей

— использовать в качестве

— использовать в качестве основы

— использовать в практике проектирования

— использовать вместо

— использовать возможность

— использовать все его возможности

— использовать для разных целей

— использовать информацию строго конфиденциально

— использовать одинаковую систему обозначений

— использовать по назначению

— использовать повторно

— использовать по-разному

— использовать принцип

— использовать с выгодой

— использовать совместно с

— которые можно было сразу же использовать в

— который следует использовать при

— максимально использовать

— не использовать для

— не позволяют использовать

— не рекомендуется использовать

— не следует использовать для

— нельзя использовать где-либо ещё

— обычно используют

— очень хорошо использовать для этого

— первым использовал

— позволяет использовать

— позволяет использовать способность

— полезно учесть влияние..., используя

— полностью использовать возможности

— полностью использовать преимущества

— поэтому для того, чтобы..., требовалось использовать

— приходится использовать

— разрешается использовать только

— результаты можно без изменения использовать в случае

— следует использовать в максимальной степени

— чтобы можно было использовать..., необходимо знать

Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > использовать
8 дело

с.

1) (работа, занятие, отсутствие безделья) work, business

он за́нят де́лом — he is busy

у него́ мно́го дел — he has many things to do

сиде́ть без де́ла — have nothing to do; be idle

бра́ться сра́зу за де́сять дел — tackle a dozen jobs at once; have many irons in the fire идиом.

вы сюда́ прие́хали по де́лу или на о́тдых? — are you here on business or for pleasure?

де́лать де́ло, занима́ться де́лом — do real work; keep oneself busy

быть при де́ле разг. — have what to do

2) (круг вопросов; сфера интересов) concern, business, affair

ли́чное / ча́стное де́ло — private affair

дела́ семе́йные — family matters

э́то моё [его́] де́ло — that is my [his] business / affair

э́то не моё [его́] де́ло — that is no business / concern of mine [his]; that is none of my [his] business

не его́ де́ло (+ инф.) — he has no business (+ to inf), it is not [none of] his business (+ to inf)

э́то на́ше вну́треннее де́ло — it's our own domestic concern

вме́шиваться не в своё де́ло — interfere in other people's affairs

не вме́шивайтесь не в своё де́ло — mind your own business

приводи́ть свои́ дела́ в поря́док — put one's affairs in order

3) разг. (важный, серьёзный вопрос) business

без де́ла не входи́ть — no admission except on business

приходи́ть по де́лу — come on business

у меня́ к нему́ де́ло, я хочу́ говори́ть с ним по де́лу — I have some business (to discuss) with him

говори́ть де́ло — talk sense, talk sensibly

вот э́то де́ло!, вот тепе́рь вы де́ло говори́те! — now you're talking (sense)!

перейдём к де́лу — let us get down to business

4) ( практическое применение) (good / practical) use

пуска́ть / употребля́ть (вн.) в де́ло — put (d) to (good) use; make use (of)

идти́ / пойти́ в де́ло — be put to use; be brought into play

5) высок. (цель, задача деятельности) cause

о́бщее де́ло — common cause

пра́вое де́ло — just cause

благоро́дное де́ло — good / noble cause

де́ло ми́ра — the cause of peace

6) (поступок, деяние) deed, act; ( свершение) work, feat, accomplishment

де́лать до́брые дела́ — do good deeds

вы сде́лали большо́е де́ло — you have accomplished a great feat

э́то де́ло его́ жи́зни — it is his life's / life work

суди́ть о ком-л по его́ дела́м — judge smb by smb's deeds

7) (событие, происшествие) happening, event

там произошли́ стра́нные дела́ — there have been some strange happenings there

де́ло бы́ло в 1990 г. — it happened in 1990

расскажи́те, как бы́ло де́ло — tell me how it happened

бы́ло (тако́е) де́ло (в ответ на вопрос) разг. — yes, it did happen; that's right

8) обыкн. мн. (положение, обстоятельства) things

дела́ поправля́ются — things are improving, things are on the mend

попра́вить свои́ дела́ — improve the state of one's affairs

как (иду́т) дела́? — how are things going?

как у вас [тебя́] дела́? — how are you doing?

как его́ дела́? — how is he getting on?; how are things going with him?

таки́е-то дела́! разг. — that's how things are!, that is the way it is!

де́ло поверну́лось таки́м о́бразом — matters took such a turn

положе́ние дел — state of affairs

как обстои́т де́ло с э́тим? — what about this business?

де́ло обстои́т так — the situation is this

е́сли бы де́ло обстоя́ло ина́че — if things were different

де́ло идёт (к) — things are heading (towards / to)

де́ло ниско́лько не меня́ется от того́, что — the situation is no way altered by the fact that

9) (рд.; вопрос, зависящий от чего-л) matter (of)

э́то де́ло привы́чки [вку́са, при́нципа] — it is a matter of habit [taste, principle]

10) (дт. до; отношение, касательство) переводится с помощью глагольных сочетаний have to do (with), care (about)

ва́м(-то) что за де́ло (до э́того)?, а вам како́е де́ло? — what do you have to do with it?, what does it matter to you?

кому́ како́е де́ло до э́того? — what business is that of anybody's?; who cares?

како́е ему́ де́ло до нас с ва́ми! — what does he care about us!

ей нет де́ла до меня́ — she doesn't care about me

11) ( суть) point, matter

в чём де́ло? — what is the matter?

бли́же к де́лу! — come / get to the point!

де́ло в том, что — the fact / point is that

в то́м-то и де́ло, что — the whole point is that

де́ло вот в чём — the point is this

де́ло не (в пр.) — it is not a matter (of)

де́ло не в э́том — that's not the point

э́то к де́лу не отно́сится — that has nothing to do with the matter, that is beside the point

замеча́ние не по де́лу (не по существу) разг. — a remark off the point

12) ( предприятие) business

э́то дохо́дное де́ло — it is a profitable business

откры́ть своё де́ло — start one's own business

взять кого́-л в де́ло — accept smb as a partner (in the business)

13) ( специальность)

го́рное де́ло и т.п. — см. соответствующие прил.

14) ( папка с документами) file, dossier [-sɪeɪ]

ли́чное де́ло — personal file / record(s) (pl)

подши́ть / приложи́ть к де́лу (вн.) — file (d)

15) юр. ( судебное) case

вести́ де́ло — plead a case

возбуди́ть де́ло (про́тив) — bring an action (against), take / institute proceedings (against)

изложи́ть своё де́ло — state one's case

16) (в названиях ведомств, органов)

сове́т по дела́м рели́гий — council for religious affairs

коми́ссия по иностра́нным дела́м — foreign relations / affairs commission

17) уст. ( сражение) battle, fighting, combat

18) жарг. (преступная операция, воровская вылазка) job; trick ( criminal action)

••

де́ло ва́ше / твоё — it's up to you; it is for you to decide

де́ло деся́тое / двадца́тое разг. — a thing of little importance

де́ло за (тв.) — the matter depends (on)

де́ло тепе́рь то́лько за тобо́й — now this matter depends only on you

де́ло за ма́лым (ста́ло) — there's only one little thing left

за чем де́ло ста́ло? — what's holding matters / things up?; what's the hitch? разг.

де́ло пло́хо / дрянь, дела́ пло́хи — things are in a bad way

де́ло про́шлое — that's a thing of the past

де́ло рук (рд.) — the work / doing (of)

чьих рук э́то де́ло? — whose work / doing is this?

большо́е / вели́кое де́ло! разг. ирон., пренебр. (в знач. "подумаешь!") — big deal!; as if it mattered!

бра́ться / взя́ться не за своё де́ло — be the wrong man / person for the job

в / на са́мом де́ле как вводн. сл. — 1) (в действительности, не на словах) in (actual) fact, in reality 2) (действительно, верно) really, indeed 3) (выражает побуждение, раздражение) after all

да прекрати́шь ты, в са́мом де́ле! — stop that, will you?

на са́мом же де́ле — but the fact is

в са́мом де́ле? — is it / that true?, really?

(с)де́лать своё де́ло (выполнить свою роль; тж. воздействовать) — do one's work; do one's part

сде́лать свои́ дела́ (о ребёнке, собаке - облегчить кишечник) эвф. — do one's duty, do the deed

есть тако́е де́ло! разг. — all right!; it's a deal!

за де́ло! (призыв) — to work!; (let's) get down to work!

знать своё де́ло — know one's job / stuff / onions ['ʌ-]

изве́стное де́ло как вводн. сл. — sure enough; naturally

име́ть де́ло (с тв.) — have to do (with), deal (with), have dealings (with)

и то́ де́ло! (выражение согласия) — there's a reason in that!

когда́ де́ло дойдёт (до) — when it comes (to)

когда́ де́ло дойдёт до меня́ [тебя́] — when it is my [your] turn

ме́жду де́лом разг. — at odd moments, between times

мину́тное / секу́ндное де́ло — it can be done in a minute / second / flash

моё [на́ше] де́ло ма́ленькое / сторона́ — it is none of my [our] business

на де́ле (в действительности) — in reality; in practice; in actual fact

испыта́ть (вн.) на де́ле — test (d) in practice

на слова́х и на де́ле — in word and deed

наказа́ть кого́-л за де́ло — punish smb for a good reason

но́вое де́ло!, хоро́шенькое де́ло!, ну и дела́!, что за дела́! — how do you like that!; that's a fine kettle of fish! идиом.; well, I'll be darned!

пе́рвым де́лом — first of all; the first thing

показа́ть себя́ в де́ле — show what one is worth

пусти́ть в де́ло — put (d) to use; find a good use (for)

раз тако́е де́ло разг. — if that's how it is

стра́нное де́ло как вводн. сл. — strangely, strange thing

то и де́ло — 1) ( часто) every now and then 2) ( беспрестанно) continually, incessantly; time and again; часто переводится гл. keep on (+ ger)

то и де́ло раздаю́тся звонки́ — the phone keeps on ringing

то́ ли де́ло (гораздо лучше) разг. — how much better; what a difference

э́то (совсе́м) друго́е де́ло — that's (quite) another story

э́то не де́ло — it's no good; such things aren't done

Новый большой русско-английский словарь > дело
9 использовать

. воспользоваться; максимально использовать; можно использовать; наиболее эффективно использовать; пользоваться; применять; широко использовать

•
We will show how these numbers can be put to use.

•
Advantage is taken of this fact in some turbojet engines.

•
Unique processes and equipment have been successfully applied in the mining and refining of potash salts.

•
The great majority of amplifiers are electronic and depend (or rely) upon transistors and chips for their operation.

•
These projects can draw on the data from five tests.

•
The new relay employs three sets of contacts.

•
We shall follow this method.

•
To harness atomic energy for peaceful uses,...

•
This reaction may be harnessed to perform work.

•
The power unit makes use of a standard electric starter.

•
These vehicles rely on ambient air as a source of oxygen.

•
This nonreciprocity has as yet not been turned to useful account in antennas.

•
At present, these laboratories are being utilized to test timbers.

•
Such high precision makes it possible to employ (or use, or utilize) laser radiation as a primary standard of length and time.

•
With electricity farmers could run useful devices of all kinds.

•
This offers the possibility of putting hydrides to work in heat pumps.

•
These techniques take advantage of the laser's high spectral intensity.

•
Lasers are exploited to heat plasmas with short pulses of light.

•
Double-break or multibreak devices can exploit this effect even at higher voltages.

•
We make use of the generalized invariants.

•
The author's suggestions were picked up by the Japanese who ran some preliminary tests on eleven pure elements.

•
The steam from a dry field can be put to use() other than power production.

•
We can draw on the equation of general relativity to calculate...

•
The newest accelerators exploit the same fundamental principles as the first ones.

•
Simplifying assumptions have been invoked to separate the two processes for individual study.

•
If this natural gas can be tapped, there would be a tremendous source of fuel.

•
This prevents defective parts from being put into service.

II

•
When all the even (or odd) integers are used up, there will still be half the series...

Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > использовать
10 avergonzar

v.

1 to shame.

el comportamiento de mi marido me avergüenza I feel embarrassed by my husomebodyand's behavior

2 to embarrass, to bring to shame, to shame, to be a reproach to.

Elsa deshonró a sus padres Elsa brought shame on her parents.

3 to feel embarrassed, to get embarrassed, to feel embarrassment.

* * *

AVERGONZAR

CONJUGACIÓN

(in stressed syllables o changes to ue and g to gü; z changes to c before e)

Present Indicative

avergüenzo, avergüenzas, avergüenza, avergonzamos, avergonzáis, avergüenzan.

Past Indicative

avergoncé, avergonzaste, avergonzó, avergonzamos, avergonzasteis, avergonzaron.

Present Subjunctive

avergüence, avergüences, avergüence, avergoncemos, avergoncéis, avergüencen.

Imperative

avergüenza (tú), avergüence (él/Vd.), avergoncemos (nos.), avergonzad (vos.), avergüencen (ellos/Vds.).

* * *

verb

1) to shame, put shame

2) embarrass

•

- avergonzarse

* * *

1.

VT (=hacer pasar vergüenza) to shame, put to shame; (=poner en un aprieto) to embarrass

2.

See:

avergonzarse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

a) ( por algo reprensible)

¿no te avergüenza salir así a la calle? — aren't you ashamed to go out looking like that?

b) ( en situación embarazosa) to embarrass
2.
avergonzarse v pron to be ashamed (of oneself)

avergonzarse de algo — to be ashamed of something

se avergonzó de haberle mentido — she was ashamed of herself for having lied to him

* * *

= embarrass, put + Nombre + to shame.

Ex. Native American children should have books that do not demean or embarrass them or their heritage nor put them on a pedestal.

Ex. I will rescue the lame and gather those who have been scattered, I will give them praise and honor in every land where they were put to shame.

----

* avergonzarse = become + ashamed.

* barato pero sin avergonzarse de ello = cheap and cheerful.

* sin avergonzarse = unashamed.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

a) ( por algo reprensible)

¿no te avergüenza salir así a la calle? — aren't you ashamed to go out looking like that?

b) ( en situación embarazosa) to embarrass
2.
avergonzarse v pron to be ashamed (of oneself)

avergonzarse de algo — to be ashamed of something

se avergonzó de haberle mentido — she was ashamed of herself for having lied to him

* * *

= embarrass, put + Nombre + to shame.

Ex: Native American children should have books that do not demean or embarrass them or their heritage nor put them on a pedestal.

Ex: I will rescue the lame and gather those who have been scattered, I will give them praise and honor in every land where they were put to shame.

* avergonzarse = become + ashamed.

* barato pero sin avergonzarse de ello = cheap and cheerful.

* sin avergonzarse = unashamed.

* * *

avergonzar [ A13 ]

vt

1

(por algo reprensible): ¿cómo no te avergüenza salir así a la calle? aren't you ashamed to go out looking like that?, you should be ashamed to go out looking like that

2 (en una situación embarazosa) to embarrass, make … feel embarrassed

■ avergonzarse

v pron

to be ashamed (of oneself) avergonzarse DE algo to be ashamed OF sth

se avergonzó de haberle contestado así she was ashamed of herself for answering back like that

* * *

avergonzar ( conjugate avergonzar) verbo transitivo
a) ( por algo reprensible):

◊ ¿no te avergüenza salir así a la calle? aren't you ashamed to go out looking like that?

b) ( en situación embarazosa) to embarrass;

◊ me avergüenza decírselo I'm embarrassed to tell him

avergonzarse verbo pronominal
to be ashamed (of oneself);
avergonzarse de algo to be ashamed of sth;
◊ se avergonzó de haberle mentido she was ashamed of herself for having lied to him

avergonzar verbo transitivo to shame

' avergonzar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
apurar
- avergüenza
English:
embarrass
- mortify
- shame
- show up

* * *

avergonzar

♦ vt

1. [deshonrar, humillar] to shame

2. [abochornar] to embarrass;

el comportamiento de mi marido me avergüenza I feel embarrassed by my husband's behaviour

♦ See also the pronominal verb avergonzarse

* * *

avergonzar

v/t

1 ( aborchornar) embarrass

2

:

le avergüenza de algo reprensible she’s ashamed of it

* * *

avergonzar {9} vt

apenar: to shame, to embarrass

♦ See also the reflexive verb avergonzarse

* * *

avergonzar vb

1. (causar vergüenza) to make feel ashamed

me avergüenza oírte utilizar ese lenguaje it makes me ashamed to hear you use that language

2. (turbar) to embarrass

avergonzó a su hermana delante de sus amigos he embarrassed his sister in front of his friends

Spanish-English dictionary > avergonzar
11 contribución

f.

1 contribution, donation, aid, help.

2 tax, cessment, tribute, impost.

* * *

contribución

► nombre femenino

1 contribution

2 (impuesto) tax

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

poner a contribución to use, draw on

contribución territorial land tax

contribución urbana rates plural

* * *

noun f.

contribution

* * *

SF

1) (=colaboración) contribution

su contribución a la victoria — his contribution to the victory, his part in the victory

poner a contribución — to make use of, put to use

2) (Econ) tax
pl contribuciones taxes, taxation sing
exento de contribuciones — tax-free, tax-exempt (EEUU)

pagar las contribuciones — to pay one's taxes

contribución directa — direct tax

contribución municipal — rates pl

contribución territorial urbana — rates pl

* * *

femenino (colaboración, donación) contribution; (Fisco) tax

- contribución urbana

* * *

= contribution, contribution, paper, pooling, rate, submission, addition, tribute.

Ex. A further contribution to the international bibliographical control of serials was the CONSER Project (Conversion of Serials).

Ex. The major difference is that a periodical index relates to a number of issues and to contributions from a number of different authors.

Ex. In particular, a data base may be concerned to list separately individual periodical articles and single papers in conference proceedings.

Ex. In this area members of co-operatives have benefited greatly from the general pooling of expertise.

Ex. There will be special rates for additional services such as SDI or document delivery.

Ex. Most commercial abstracting services rely upon the refereeing procedure applied to the original document in order to eliminate insignificant and inaccurate submissions.

Ex. The inheritance from the master becomes, not only his additions to the world's record, but for his disciples the entire scaffolding by which they were erected.

Ex. In this case, after collecting tributes from places that could be reached by sea, the commander of the expedition marched inland.

----

* contribución a la investigación = research contribution.

* contribución a un debate = input to a debate.

* contribución de ideas = input of ideas.

* contribución municipal = council tax, local rates, real estate tax, real estate property tax.

* contribución urbana = local tax rates, tax rates, local rates, local taxes, council tax, tax rates, real estate tax, real estate property tax.

* devolución de la contribución municipal = rates rebate.

* hacer una contribución = make + a contribution.

* identificación bibliográfica y de copyright de la contribución = catch line.

* presentar una contribución = present + contribution.

* recabar + contribución = solicit + contribution.

* * *

femenino (colaboración, donación) contribution; (Fisco) tax

- contribución urbana

* * *

= contribution, contribution, paper, pooling, rate, submission, addition, tribute.

Ex: A further contribution to the international bibliographical control of serials was the CONSER Project (Conversion of Serials).

Ex: The major difference is that a periodical index relates to a number of issues and to contributions from a number of different authors.

Ex: In particular, a data base may be concerned to list separately individual periodical articles and single papers in conference proceedings.

Ex: In this area members of co-operatives have benefited greatly from the general pooling of expertise.

Ex: There will be special rates for additional services such as SDI or document delivery.

Ex: Most commercial abstracting services rely upon the refereeing procedure applied to the original document in order to eliminate insignificant and inaccurate submissions.

Ex: The inheritance from the master becomes, not only his additions to the world's record, but for his disciples the entire scaffolding by which they were erected.

Ex: In this case, after collecting tributes from places that could be reached by sea, the commander of the expedition marched inland.

* contribución a la investigación = research contribution.

* contribución a un debate = input to a debate.

* contribución de ideas = input of ideas.

* contribución municipal = council tax, local rates, real estate tax, real estate property tax.

* contribución urbana = local tax rates, tax rates, local rates, local taxes, council tax, tax rates, real estate tax, real estate property tax.

* devolución de la contribución municipal = rates rebate.

* hacer una contribución = make + a contribution.

* identificación bibliográfica y de copyright de la contribución = catch line.

* presentar una contribución = present + contribution.

* recabar + contribución = solicit + contribution.

* * *

contribución

feminine

1 (colaboración) contribution

2 (donación) donation, contribution

3 ( Fisco) tax

Compuestos:

● contribución municipal

contribución urbana

● contribución territorial urbana

contribución urbana

● contribución urbana

local property tax, ≈ council tax ( in UK)

* * *

contribución sustantivo femenino (colaboración, donación) contribution;
(Fisco) tax
contribución sustantivo femenino
1 (participación) contribution
2 (impuesto) tax
' contribución' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aportación
- coperacha
- excepcional
- extraordinario
English:
contribution
- rate
- council
- toward

* * *

contribución nf

1. [aporte] contribution

2. [impuesto] tax;

contribución directa/indirecta direct/indirect tax;

contribuciones taxes, taxation;

exento de contribuciones tax-exempt

Comp
contribución urbana = tax for local services, Br ≈ council tax
* * *

contribución

f

1 contribution

2 ( impuesto) tax

* * *

contribución nf, pl - ciones : contribution

* * *

contribución n contribution

contribución urbana council tax

Spanish-English dictionary > contribución
12 ad-hibeō

ad-hibeō uī, itus, ēre [habeo], to hold toward, turn to, apply, add to: manūs medicas ad volnera, V.: ad panem adhibere, eat with: manūs genibus adhibet, i. e. clasps, O.—Fig., to furnish, produce, bring forward, apply, bestow, administer: parti corporis scalpellum: oratio, quae lumen adhibere rebus debet: (oratio) ad volgus adhibenda: alicui voluptates: oratorem, call to one's aid: animum, give close attention, V.—Esp., to bring to, summon, employ: fratrem adhibet, Cs.: adhibitis amicis, S.: leges, ad quas (sc. defendendas) adhibemur, we are summoned: adhibebitur heros, shall be brought upon the stage, H.: aliquem in partem periculi, O. —With ad or in consilium (concilium), to summon for counsel, consult: neque hos ad concilium adhibendos censeo, Cs.: illis adhibitis in consilium: (plebes) nullo adhibetur consilio, Cs.; cf. adhibitis omnibus Marcellis, qui tum erant.—Adhibere aliquem cenae or epulis, to invite to dinner, invite to a banquet, entertain: adhibete Penatīs et patrios epulis, etc., V.: convivio neminem, L.: alteris Te mensis deum (when tutelary gods were invoked), H.: mulieres in convivium.—To treat, handle, act towards: victu quam liberalissime adhiberi: alqm severius.—Adhibere aliquid, to put to use, apply, use, employ for, use in: modum quemdam: adhibitā audaciā et virtute, calling to their aid, Cs.: belli necessitatibus patientiam, L.: curam in valetudine tuendā, N.: fidem in amicorum periculis: modum vitio, to set bounds: memoriam contumeliae, to retain in memory, N.—Esp. in phrase, adhibere vim, to employ compulsion, compel: si hanc vim adhibes, quid opus est iudicio? — Poet.: Munitaeque adhibe vim sapientiae, storm the defences of wisdom, H.

Latin-English dictionary > ad-hibeō
13 Jacquard, Joseph-Marie

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

[br]

b. 7 July 1752 Lyons, France

d. 7 August 1834 Oullines, France

[br]

French developer of the apparatus named after him and used for selecting complicated patterns in weaving.

[br]

Jacquard was apprenticed at the age of 12 to bookbinding, and later to type-founding and cutlery. His parents, who had some connection with weaving, left him a small property upon their death. He made some experiments with pattern weaving, but lost all his inheritance; after marrying, he returned to type-founding and cutlery. In 1790 he formed the idea for his machine, but it was forgotten amidst the excitement of the French Revolution, in which he fought for the Revolutionists at the defence of Lyons. The machine he completed in 1801 combined earlier inventions and was for weaving net. He was sent to Paris to demonstrate it at the National Exposition and received a bronze medal. In 1804 Napoleon granted him a patent, a pension of 1,500 francs and a premium on each machine sold. This enabled him to study and work at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers to perfect his mechanism for pattern weaving. A method of selecting any combination of leashes at each shoot of the weft had to be developed, and Jacquard's mechanism was the outcome of various previous inventions. By taking the cards invented by Falcon in 1728 that were punched with holes like the paper of Bouchon in 1725, to select the needles for each pick, and by placing the apparatus above the loom where Vaucanson had put his mechanism, Jacquard combined the best features of earlier inventions. He was not entirely successful because his invention failed in the way it pressed the card against the needles; later modifications by Breton in 1815 and Skola in 1819 were needed before it functioned reliably. However, the advantage of Jacquard's machine was that each pick could be selected much more quickly than on the earlier draw looms, which meant that John Kay's flying shuttle could be introduced on fine pattern looms because the weaver no longer had to wait for the drawboy to sort out the leashes for the next pick. Robert Kay's drop box could also be used with different coloured wefts. The drawboy could be dispensed with because the foot-pedal operating the Jacquard mechanism could be worked by the weaver. Patterns could be changed quickly by replacing one set of cards with another, but the scope of the pattern was more limited than with the draw loom. Some machines that were brought into use aroused bitter hostility. Jacquard suffered physical violence, barely escaping with his life, and his machines were burnt by weavers at Lyons. However, by 1812 his mechanism began to be generally accepted and had been applied to 11,000 draw-looms in France. In 1819 Jacquard received a gold medal and a Cross of Honour for his invention. His machines reached England c.1816 and still remain the basic way of weaving complicated patterns.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

French Cross of Honour 1819. National Exposition Bronze Medal 1801.

Further Reading

A.Barlow, 1878, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London.

C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (covers the introduction of pattern weaving and the power loom).

RLH

Biographical history of technology > Jacquard, Joseph-Marie
14 Heilmann, Josué (Joshua)

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

[br]

b. 1796 Alsace

d. 1848

[br]

Alsatian inventor of the first machine for combing cotton.

[br]

Josué Heilmann, of Mulhouse, was awarded 5,000 francs offered by the cotton spinners of Alsace for a machine that would comb cotton. It was a process not hitherto applied to this fibre and, when perfected, enabled finer, smoother and more lustrous yarns to be spun. The important feature of Heilmann's method was to use a grip or nip to hold the end of the sliver that was being combed. Two or more combs passed through the protruding fibres to comb them thoroughly, and a brush cylinder and knife cleared away the noils. The combed section was passed forward so that the part held in the nip could then be combed. The combed fibres were joined up with the length already finished. Heilmann obtained a British patent in 1846, but no machines were put to work until 1851. Six firms of cotton spinners in Lancashire paid £30,000 for the cotton-combing rights and Marshall's of Leeds paid £20,000 for the rights to comb flax. Heilmann's machine was used on the European continent for combing silk as well as flax, wool and cotton, so it proved to be very versatile. Priority of his patent was challenged in England because Lister had patented a combing machine with a gripper or nip in 1843; in 1852 the parties went to litigation and cross-suits were instituted. While Heilmann obtained a verdict of infringement against Lister for certain things, Lister also obtained one against Heilmann for other matters. After this outcome, Heilmann's patent was bought on speculation by Messrs Akroyd and Titus Salt for £30,000, but was afterwards resold to Lister for the same amount. In this way Lister was able to exploit his own patent through suppressing Heilmann's.

[br]

Bibliography

1846, British patent no. 11,103 (cotton-combing machine).

Further Reading

For descriptions of his combing machine see: W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London; T.K.Derry and T.I.Williams, 1960, A Short History of Technology from the Earliest Times to AD 1900, Oxford; and C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol.

IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

RLH

Biographical history of technology > Heilmann, Josué (Joshua)
15 на тренажерах

In laboratories, on trainers, aboard the aircraft while the ships were still in the plants.

They were put through their paces with the use of environmental and procedure training facilities.

Русско-английский словарь по космонавтике > на тренажерах
16 идея

idea, notion, concept
• (Все) эти теории имеют общую идею (= концепцию), что... - These theories have in common the idea that...

• Безусловно, читатель знаком с идеей, что... - The reader is no doubt familiar with the idea that...

• В третьей главе мы увидим другое обобщение той же основной идеи. - In Chapter 3 we shall meet another generalization of the same basic idea.

• Важно уметь применять идею (= концепцию)... - It is important that we be able to apply the concept of...

• Введенные в этой главе идеи подведут нас ближе к... - The ideas introduced in this chapter will bring us closer to...

• Вернемся кратко к идее (чего-л). - Let us return briefly to the idea of...

• Высказанные ранее идеи теперь могут быть обобщены. - The preceding ideas can now be generalized.

• Дальнейшее рассуждение затем привело бы к идее... - Further argument would then lead to the idea of...

• Данная идея получила свое начало при исследовании... - The idea originated with the study of...

• Идея состоит в следующем. - The idea is as follows.

• Имеется мнжество подтверждений идеи, что... - There is a great deal of evidence for the idea that...

• Имеется много других примеров, иллюстрирующих основную идею (чего-л). - There are many other examples which illustrate the basic idea of...

• Лежащая в основе этого идея состоит в том, что... - The underlying idea is that...

• Лежащие в основе (этого) идеи настолько просты, что... - The ideas involved here are so simple that...

• Много идей было выдвинуто для объяснения... - Many ideas were put forward to explain...

• Многие идеи и результаты последней главы могут быть распространены на случай... - Many of the ideas and results of the last chapter can now be extended to the case of...

• Многие идеи, рассматриваемые в данной главе, (являются)... - Many of the ideas appearing in this chapter are...

• Мы будем предполагать, что читатель обладает очевидной интуитивной идеей... - We shall assume that the reader has a clear intuitive idea of...

• Мы могли бы обобщить эти идеи. - We may extend these ideas.

• Мы можем обобщить эту идею, вводя... - We can generalize this idea by introducing...

• Мы можем также использовать (= приложить) здесь идею... - We may also apply the concept of...

• На самом деле, подобные неопределенные идеи ничего нам не говорят. - Such vague ideas really tell us nothing.

• Проще всего понять эту идею можно, рассматривая... - The idea is most easily understood by examining...

• Один из ответов на данный вопрос находится в идее... - One answer to this question lies in the concept of...

• Однако в общем случае эта идея имеет небольшую область приложений. - However, this idea has little application in general.

• Основная идея состоит в том, что... - The basic idea is that...

• Основной идеей этого параграфа является то, что... - The main idea of this section is that...

• Основные идеи, намеченные в данном параграфе, могут быть проиллюстрированы (чем-л). - The points made in this section can be illustrated by...

• Полная идея становится точной (путем, если и т. п.)... - The whole idea is made precise by...

• Последняя идея потеряла большую часть своей значимости, потому что... - The latter idea lost much of its significance because...

• Похоже, что большинство физиков одобряет идею, что... - Most physicists seem to accept the notion that...

• Предыдущее обсуждение приводит к идее, что... - The preceding discussion leads to the idea that...; The foregoing discussion gives an idea of...

• Приведем теперь идею доказательства теорем 2 и 3. - Let us now give an idea on how to prove Theorems 2 and 3.

• Проблема, которую мы обязаны позднее рассмотреть для применения данной идеи, состоит в том, что... - A problem that we must eventually face in making use of this concept is...

• Простейшее доказательство базируется на идее, что... - The simplest proof rests on the concept of...

• С самого начала физики приняли идею, что... - Prom the beginning, physicists have accepted the notion that...; From the outset, physicists have accepted the notion that...

• Сделаем эти идеи более понятными, рассматривая... - Let us make these ideas clearer by considering...

• Сейчас мы кратко изложим основную идею (чего-л). - Let us present in a nutshell the main idea behind...

• Следовательно, мы могли бы принять за аксиому идею, что... - Therefore we may take as axiomatic the idea that...

• Следовательно, следующим естественным шагом является идея, что... - It is thus a natural step to think of...

• Следующим шагом было применение идеи... - The next step was to apply the idea of...

• Смит [1] убедительно аргументирует против идеи, что... - Smith [1] argues effectively against the notion that...

• Центральная идея, лежащая в основе этих утверждений, состоит в том, что... - The essential idea underlying these statements is that of...

• Центральной идеей здесь является то, что... - The essential idea here is that...

• Так лее просто эти идеи могут быть сформулированы (и) для... - These ideas can be formulated just as easily for...

• Только что изложенная идея была использована, чтобы... - The idea just outlined has been used to...

• Центральной идеей, на которой основывался подход Смита [1], была... - The essential idea behind Smith's approach was that...

• Чрезвычайно близкие идеи используются для (= в)... - Precisely similar ideas are applicable to...

• Чтобы конкретизировать эту идею, давайте... - То make this idea more concrete, let...

• Чтобы упорядочить все эти идеи подходящим образом, мы... - In order to place these ideas in their proper framework, we...

• Эйнштейн использовал (- применил) точно те же самые идеи в (= при рассмотрении)... - Einstein applied precisely the same ideas to...

• Эта идея (= мысль) выражается более точно в... - This idea is expressed more precisely in...

• Эта идея будет объясняться ниже. - This idea will be clarified below.

• Эта идея одновременно самодостаточна и привлекательна, однако... - This idea is both self-contained and attractive, but...

• Эта идея удивительно близка к... - This idea is remarkably close to...

• Эта идея уже была использована Смитом [1], который предлагает, что(бы)... - This idea has been exploited by Smith [1], who suggests that...

• Эта простая, но все же глубокая идея... - This simple yet profound idea...

• Эти идеи были развиты целым рядом авторов. - The material has been developed by a number of contributors.

• Эти идеи получают немедленно приложение к/в... - These ideas have immediate application in...

• Этим путем мы приходим к мысли (= идее) о... - In this way we arrive at the idea of...

• Это весьма настойчиво подталкивает нас к идее, что... - This suggests quite strongly that...

• Это заключение базируется на тех же идеях, которые приводят к... - This conclusion is based on the same ideas that lead to...

• Это очевидным образом связано с известной и интуитивной идеей, что... - This is obviously related to the familiar and intuitive idea that...

• Это приводит нас к идее постулировать существование... - This leads us to postulate the existence of...

• Это фундаментальная идея, лежащая в основании (решения, процесса и т. п.)... - This is the fundamental idea behind...

• Эту идею легко понять, однако... - The idea is easily understood, but...

Русско-английский словарь научного общения > идея
17 horno

m.

1 oven (cooking).

pescado al horno baked fish

esta casa es un horno en verano this house is an oven in summer

no está el horno para bollos (informal figurative) the time is not right

alto horno blast furnace

horno crematorio crematorium

horno eléctrico electric oven

horno microondas microwave (oven)

2 furnace (Tec).

altos hornos iron and steelworks (factoría)

* * *

horno

► nombre masculino

1 (de cocina) oven

2 TÉCNICA furnace

3 (cerámica, ladrillos) kiln

4 (panadería) bakery

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

no estar el horno para bollos familiar not to be the right time

ser un horno familiar to be boiling hot, be roasting

horno crematorio crematorium

horno de fundición smelting furnace

horno (de) microondas microwave oven

horno eléctrico electric oven

* * *

noun m.

1) oven

2) kiln

* * *

SM

1) (Culin) oven, stove

¡esta casa es un horno! — it's like an oven in here!

al horno — baked

asar al horno — to bake

meter un plato al horno fuerte — to put a dish into a high oven

resistente al horno — ovenproof

- no está el horno para bollos

horno de leña — wood-fired oven

horno microondas — microwave oven

2) (Téc) furnace; [para cerámica] kiln

alto(s) horno(s) — blast furnace sing

horno crematorio — crematorium

horno de cal — lime kiln

horno de fundición — smelting furnace

horno de ladrillos — brick kiln

3) [de pipa] bowl

* * *

masculino

a) ( de cocina) oven

pollo al horno — roast chicken

pescado al horno — baked fish

resistente al horno — ovenproof

esta oficina es un horno — this office is like an oven

no está el horno para bollos — (fam) it's not the right moment

b) (Metal, Tec) furnace

horno de fundición — smelting furnace

c) ( para cerámica) kiln

- horno crematorio

- horno microondas

* * *

masculino

a) ( de cocina) oven

pollo al horno — roast chicken

pescado al horno — baked fish

resistente al horno — ovenproof

esta oficina es un horno — this office is like an oven

no está el horno para bollos — (fam) it's not the right moment

b) (Metal, Tec) furnace

horno de fundición — smelting furnace

c) ( para cerámica) kiln

- horno crematorio

- horno microondas

* * *

horno¹

¹ = oven, furnace, kiln.

Ex: Plaster was mixed with water and poured over the type, and allowed to set; when it had hardened it was lifted off the page (the oil preventing it from sticking to the type), and baked hard in an oven.

Ex: The tools were heated for use at a small furnace, and no further preparation was necessary for blind tooling.

Ex: The clay tablet was then either baked in a kiln or dried by the sun.

* alto horno = blast furnace.

* cocer al horno = bake.

* cocinado al horno = microwaved.

* cocinar al horno = baking.

* horno de cal = lime kiln.

* horno de microondas = microwave oven.

* limpiador de hornos = oven cleaner.

* patata al horno = baked potato.

* recién salido del horno, de última hora = hot off the griddle.

horno²

² = oven.

Nota: Usado para indicar calor extremo.

Ex: On a hot day parked in the sun, your car not only feels like an oven -- it really is one.

* * *

horno

masculine

1 (de cocina) oven

pollo al horno ( AmL); roast chicken

pescado al horno baked fish

resistente al horno ovenproof

esta oficina es un horno this office is like an oven

no está el horno para bollos ( fam); it's not the right moment

2 ( Metal, Tec) furnace

horno de fundición smelting furnace

alto¹ (↑ alto (1))

3 (para cerámica) kiln

Compuestos:

● horno crematorio

crematorium

● horno (de) microondas

microwave, microwave oven

* * *

horno sustantivo masculino
a) ( de cocina) oven;

◊ resistente al horno ovenproof;

pollo al horno roast chicken;
pescado al horno baked fish;

b) (Metal, Tec) furnace

c) ( para cerámica) kiln

horno sustantivo masculino
1 (para cocinar) oven
Culin al horno, baked
2 (para fundir metal, vidrio) furnace
alto horno, blast furnace
3 (para cocer cerámica, ladrillos) kiln
4 fam fig nuestra casa es un horno, our house is like an oven
♦ Locuciones: no está el horno para bollos, it's inconvenient
' horno' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
alta
- alto
- calentar
- gratinar
- lubina
- rejilla
- apagado
- asado
- asar
- caliente
- fuente
- hacer
- mirar
- precalentamiento
- precalentar
- prender
- puerta
- trabajo
English:
bake
- baking
- baking dish
- blast-furnace
- broiler
- evenly
- furnace
- gas oven
- kiln
- microwave
- oven
- set
- turn
- roast

* * *

horno nm

1. [de cocina] oven;

pescado al horno baked fish;

Comp
Fam
no está el horno para bollos the time is not right

Comp
horno de convección fan oven;
horno eléctrico electric oven;

horno de gas gas oven;

horno microondas microwave (oven)

2. Tec furnace;
[de cerámica, ladrillos] kiln
Comp
horno crematorio crematorium, US crematory;
horno industrial industrial oven

3. Fam [lugar caluroso] oven, furnace;

esta oficina es un horno en verano this office is like an oven o furnace in summer

4.
horno (de pan) [panadería] (baker's) oven

* * *

horno

m

1 oven;

recién sacado o

salido del horno freshly baked;

no está el horno para bollos fam this isn’t a good time o

the right moment

2 de cerámica kiln;

alto horno blast furnace

* * *

horno nm

1) : oven

horno crematorio: crematorium

horno de microondas: microwave oven

2) : kiln

* * *

horno n

1. (para comida) oven

un horno eléctrico an electric oven

2. (para cerámica) kiln

al horno (pescado, manzana) baked (pollo) roast

ser un horno to be like an oven

horno microondas microwave oven

Spanish-English dictionary > horno
18 проходить тренировки

[син. проходить курс подготовки]
They were put through their paces with the use of environmental and procedure training facilities

Русско-английский словарь по космонавтике > проходить тренировки
19 business administration

Gen Mgt

1. a form of management. Business administration is used as a synonym for management, notably in government or the public sector. This use has developed from the administration school of thought established by Henri Fayol, which defines management activities as a set of processes. He argued that to manage was to plan, organize, coordinate, command, and control. These principles were put into exemplary practice by Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. at General Motors and are often seen as characteristic of large bureaucracies.

2. the establishment and maintenance of procedures, records, and regulations in the pursuit of a commercial activity. Business administration involves the conduct of activities leading to, and resulting from, the delivery of a product or service to the customer. Administration is often seen as paperwork and formfilling, but it reaches wider than that to encompass the coordination of all the procedures that enable a product or service to be delivered, together with the keeping of records that can be checked to identify errors or opportunities for improvement.

The ultimate business dictionary > business administration
20 Xu Guangqi (Hsu Kuang-Chhi)

SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology

[br]

b. 1562 China

d. 1633 China

[br]

Chinese writer and reporter on agricultural practice.

[br]

Living during the troubled Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi combined his energy and interest in scientific improvement to develop and strengthen the State: his interest in military technology was used in the formation of the defence of the State, whilst his interest in irrigation and crop husbandry was put to use in programmes of famine relief. He was a friend and protector of the Jesuit community in China, and between 1607 and 1610, when he was forced to absent himself from the political scene, he devoted his time to the study of the irrigation systems practised by the Jesuits, and also the cultivation of new crops.

Stimulated by these studies he continued to collect information on agricultural technology even after he returned to political life. In addition he prepared a number of draft texts of an agricultural treatise, which he intended to provide a practical guide to agricultural practice, but which would also give an indication of the solutions to China's economic problems at the time. Despite the fact that he had amassed a huge amount of material, it was left to the Chinese scholar Chen Ziling (Chhen Tzu-Ling) to edit the draft, which was finally published six years after the death of Xu Guangqi in 1633.

The treatise, called the Nong Zbeng Quan Shu (Wade-Giles transliteration: Nung Cheng Chhuan Shu), is a massive work quoting from some 299 sources, sometimes verbatim. In addition to parts dealing with husbandry, there are also large sections devoted to rural administration and to the development of rural light industry, as well as to the introduction of cash crops such as cotton. The Ming dynasty fell in 1644, and the policies set out by Xu Guangqi within this treatise were never implemented.

[br]

Further Reading

F.Bray, Vol. VI. 2 in J.Needham (ed.), Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge (devotes an early chapter to her sources in a comprehensive account of Chinese agriculture).

AP

Biographical history of technology > Xu Guangqi (Hsu Kuang-Chhi)

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См. также в других словарях:

put to use — {v. phr.} To use. * /During the early part of the Korean war the cooks and office workers of the U.S. Army were put to use in battle./ * /Henry decided to put his dictionary to use./ * /I wish you d put the lawn mower to use!/ … Dictionary of American idioms
put to use — {v. phr.} To use. * /During the early part of the Korean war the cooks and office workers of the U.S. Army were put to use in battle./ * /Henry decided to put his dictionary to use./ * /I wish you d put the lawn mower to use!/ … Dictionary of American idioms
put\ to\ use — v. phr. To use. During the early part of the Korean war the cooks and office workers of the U.S. Army were put to use in battle. Henry decided to put his dictionary to use. I wish you d put the lawn mower to use! … Словарь американских идиом
put — W1S1 [put] v past tense and past participle put present participle putting [T] ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(move to place)¦ 2¦(change somebody s situation/feelings)¦ 3¦(write/print something)¦ 4¦(express)¦ 5 put a stop/an end to something 6 put something into… … Dictionary of contemporary English
put — [ put ] (past tense and past participle put) verb transitive *** ▸ 1 move something to position ▸ 2 cause to be in situation ▸ 3 write/print something ▸ 4 make someone go to place ▸ 5 give position on list ▸ 6 build/place somewhere ▸ 7 express in … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
Put — Put, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Put}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Putting}.] [AS. potian to thrust: cf. Dan. putte to put, to put into, Fries. putje; perh. akin to W. pwtio to butt, poke, thrust; cf. also Gael. put to push, thrust, and E. potter, v. i.] 1. To… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Put — Put, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Put}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Putting}.] [AS. potian to thrust: cf. Dan. putte to put, to put into, Fries. putje; perh. akin to W. pwtio to butt, poke, thrust; cf. also Gael. put to push, thrust, and E. potter, v. i.] 1. To… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Put case — Put Put, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Put}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Putting}.] [AS. potian to thrust: cf. Dan. putte to put, to put into, Fries. putje; perh. akin to W. pwtio to butt, poke, thrust; cf. also Gael. put to push, thrust, and E. potter, v. i.] 1. To … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
put — /poot/, v., put, putting, adj., n. v.t. 1. to move or place (anything) so as to get it into or out of a specific location or position: to put a book on the shelf. 2. to bring into some relation, state, etc.: to put everything in order. 3. to… … Universalium
use — use1 W1S1 [ju:z] v ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(use something)¦ 2¦(amount of something)¦ 3¦(treat somebody unfairly)¦ 4¦(an advantage)¦ 5 could use something 6¦(word)¦ 7¦(drugs)¦ Phrasal verbs 　use something<=>up ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ [Date … Dictionary of contemporary English
use — v. /yoohz/ or, for pt. form of 9, /yoohst/; n. /yoohs/, v., used, using, n. v.t. 1. to employ for some purpose; put into service; make use of: to use a knife. 2. to avail oneself of; apply to one s own purposes: to use the facilities. 3. to… … Universalium

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